Why WiFi antennas are 31 mm, dipoles are cut to 468/f, and SWR tells you when you got it right.
Element lengths for half-wave dipoles, quarter-wave whips and 5/8-wave verticals at any frequency — with the 468/f cross-check.
Convert both ways with velocity factor for coax and PCB — plus λ/2, λ/4 and the λ/10 EMC rule of thumb computed live.
Starting dimensions for a 2–12 element Yagi — reflector, driven element, directors, spacing, boom length and gain estimate.
Rectangular patch W and L from frequency and substrate (Balanis transmission-line model) — FR-4 and Rogers presets included.
Convert any reflection metric to all the others — SWR, return loss dB, |Γ|, reflected power percent and mismatch loss.
FSPL from distance and frequency, plus a full link budget — TX power, antenna gains, RX sensitivity and fade margin verdict.
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