Which pins are safe, why PWM frequency matters, and the timer register math — embedded cheat tools.
Filterable ESP32 GPIO table with every trap flagged — strapping pins, ADC2-vs-WiFi, input-only pins and safe-pin list.
Filterable Uno pin table — PWM timers, SPI/I²C roles, interrupts and the current limits that silently kill projects.
PWM frequency, resolution bits and compare value from clock, prescaler and TOP — AVR, STM32 and ESP32 LEDC alike.
Best prescaler + compare value for any target period — searches the AVR set or powers of 2, with exact error shown.
Counts to volts and back at any resolution and reference — including input voltage dividers, both directions.
AVR UBRR value, actual baud and error percent — including the infamous 16 MHz / 115200 case and the U2X fix.
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