K-factors, proof loads and per-size torque specs — why lubrication changes everything.
Tightening torque for an M12 bolt by property class and lubrication.
Clamp force a given torque produces — the K-factor (nut factor) equation.
Proof load and recommended preload for metric property classes.
Decode 8.8 / 10.9 / 12.9 markings into tensile and yield strength.
Tensile stress area of metric threads — the area that actually carries load.
Tightening torque for an M16 bolt by property class and lubrication.
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