IPC-2221 in plain English — why 10 A needs ~4 mm, inner layers need double, and 2 oz copper halves it.
Minimum trace width for your current and temperature rise — IPC-2221 formula with copper weight, layer choice and a step-by-step worked example.
Copper needed for 3 A / 5 A USB-C VBUS — IPC-2221 with PD-aware presets, routing tips and an FAQ for Type-C power design.
Phase-trace copper for 5 A drivers sized for stall, not cruise — with Kelvin-sense and loop-area layout rules.
Why internal traces need double the copper — IPC-2221 internal-k presets, 0.5 oz inner foil reality and via-stitch budgets.
How much current a plated via carries — annular copper cross-section through the IPC-2221 internal curve, plus via resistance.
How much current an existing trace can carry at your allowed temperature rise — the inverse of the trace-width problem, per IPC-2221.
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